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The legend is that Emperor Qian Long used to travel among
his citizens in disguise to understand how people were living. To complete, the
façade, the emperor would even pour his servants tea when they were eating
together in public. Back in that time, an emperor pouring tea for his servant
was completely unheard of). Customs demanded that people were to always bow to
their emperor but, not to reveal his emperor’s identity in public, the servant
would show his gratitude and loyalty but tapping his fingers at the table that symbolized
a customary bow.
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Of course, while this tale has soon faded over time, there
is a more practical reason for doing this. If you have ever eaten with Chinese
people, they drink and pour tea all. Meal. Long. And, like most cultures, they
like to speak (loudly, at that) and have a grand time while eating. As you can
imagine, if a person said thank you every time their tea was poured (which almost
always constant ) it would break up the conversation. The tapping of the
fingers is a silent way to say thank you if you are in the middle of a
conversation.
Nowadays, tapping the table is a silent gesture of thanks to the person who poured your tea. Of course, a "thank you" is always preferred. If you are with a quiet(er) group, it's always better to just say "thank you" instead of tapping your fingers. Think of it like this: you would never give a thumbs up to someone who did you a favour when you could simply just say "thank you!"